A global systematic review and meta-analysis of concentration and prevalence of mycotoxins in birds' egg

In the current study, the concentration and prevalence of birds' egg's mycotoxins among 11 articles (66 studies) based on countries, part of eggs, and type of mycotoxins subgroups were meta-analyses using a random-effect model. The order of mycotoxin according to concentration of mycotoxin was Deoxynivalenol (20.083 mu g/kg) > Zearalenone (2.065 mu g/kg) > Enniatin (1.120 mu g/kg) > Total aflatoxin (0.371 mu g/kg) > Beauvericin (0.223 mu g/kg) > Ochratoxins (0.087 mu g/kg) > Citrinin (0.010 mu g/kg). Further, the mycotoxins' concentration in the yolk part (2.070 mu g/kg) was higher than the mixed eggs (0.283 mu g/kg). The rank order of mycotoxin based on country was China (14.990 mu g/kg) > Cameroon (7.594 mu g/kg) > Thailand (1.870 mu g/kg) > Finland (0.920 mu g/kg) > Iran (0.312 mu g/kg) > Jordan (0.202 mu g/kg) > Belgium (0.183 mu g/kg) > Spain (<Lod mu g/kg) > South Korea (<Lod mu g/kg). The rank order of mycotoxins based on prevalence was BEA (99.73%) > DON (85.00%) > AFT (20.15%) > OT (16.00%). The overall prevalence of mycotoxin was equal to 29.65%. Also, the concentration of mycotoxins in China and Cameroon was higher than in other countries. Therefore, the monitoring programs to reduce mycotoxins in bird eggs consumed in some countries such as China and Cameroon should be considered.