Characteristics, formation mechanism and evolution model of Ordovician carbonate fault-controlled reservoirs in the Shunnan area of the Shuntuogole lower uplift, Tarim Basin, China

The Ordovician carbonate fault-controlled reservoir in the Shunnan area is substantially different from the typical karst reservoir closely related to an unconformity. The development of fault-controlled reservoirs is controlled by the deep and large strike-slip fault in the Middle Caledonian period. The characteristics, diagenesis types, diagenetic fluid evolution characteristics, fluid-rock interactions, and reservoir response of fault-controlled reservoirs were investigated systematically by analyzing 3D seismic, logging, and drilling core data. Production data, reservoir petrology, and chemical filling geochemistry were also used. The formation and evolution of fault-controlled reservoirs are affected by the coupling of the structure, lithofacies, and fluid. The dolomitization in the quasi-syngenetic period in the early stage of Episode I in the Middle Caledonian provided the material basis for the development of fault-controlled reservoirs. The Mg-rich high-salinity thermal fluid in the late Caledonian and the Early Hercynian provided a constructive transformation for the development of fault-controlled reservoirs. In contrast, the transformation of reservoirs by the Si-rich magmatic thermal fluid in the late Hercynian was mainly destructive, and the action range of the deep thermal fluid was strongly controlled by strike-slip fault zones. The releasing bend and superimposed parts of different structural styles in the fault zone have high activity intensity. These are areas where dissolution and transformation of the fluid occur preferentially. Dolomite is often more conducive to the development of fault fracture zones and promotes the dissolution and transformation of the deep thermal fluid. Therefore, the strike-slip fault cutting through the basement causes the hydrothermal fluid to enter the fault, dissolving carbonate minerals and forming a hydrothermal-modified fault-controlled reservoir composed of fractures, dissolution pores, and dolomite intercrystalline pores. The results provide a new approach and direction for the study of different types of deep and ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs.