Envenoming following scorpion sting is a common emergency in many parts of the world. Our aim was to ameliorate the current 100-kDa horse plasma antivenom serum (PAS)-derived Fab(2)' to more quickly reach the highly diffusible scorpion toxins (7 kDa). We immunized dromedaries with toxins from Androctonus australis hector (Aah) scorpions and cloned the single-domain antibody fragments or nanobodies (15 kDa) from their B cells. Nanobodies against AahI' toxin (with AahII the most toxic compound of the venom) were retrieved from the libraries, and their AahI'-toxin neutralization was monitored in mice. Remarkably, the NbAahI'F12 fully protected mice against 100 LD50 of AahI' administered intracerebroventricularly. Moreover, where PAS failed completely to neutralize 2 LD50 of crude venom injected subcutaneously, the designed bispecific NbF12-10 against AahI'/AahII toxins succeeded in neutralizing 5 LD50. Finally, in a challenge assay in which mice were subcutaneously injected with a lethal dose of scorpion venom, the subsequent intravenous injection of 85 mu g of NbF12-10 protected all mice, even if the whole procedure was repeated 3 times. Furthermore, the NbF12-10 remained fully protective when mice with severe signs of envenoming were treated a few minutes before the untreated mice died.-Hmila, I., Saerens, D., Ben Abderrazek, R., Vincke, C., Abidi, N., Benlasfar, Z., Govaert, J., El Ayeb, M., Bouhaouala-Zahar, B., Muyldermans, S. A bispecific nanobody to provide full protection against lethal scorpion envenoming. FASEB J. 24, 3479-3489 (2010). www.fasebj.org
