Sleep Problems and Disorders in Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Sleep disturbances are more common among children and adolescents with comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Some children with ADHD may have sleep-onset insomnia; others may have a predilection for delayed-sleep onset. Medications used to treat ADHD may contribute to sleep disturbances. Sleep disorders like obstructive sleep apnea and restless legs syndrome may cause or contribute to the symptoms of ADHD. These disorders may also present with ADHD-like symptoms. These sleep problems and disorders affect the quality of life of children and adolescents with ADHD, with potential adverse effects on learning and memory processing. It is recommended that all children with ADHD be evaluated for sleep problems and primary sleep disorders. These children should also be treated for comorbid sleep problems and disorders, preferably with nonpharmacologic behavioral interventions before or concurrent with treatment of ADHD. Long-acting stimulants may also be more beneficial than short-acting stimulants to prevent sleep disturbances.