Pre-Eminent or Subordinate? An Organisational Environment Perspective on the EU's Security Cooperation with ASEAN and ECOWAS

Security cooperation with other regional organisations (ROs) has long been a facet of EU foreign policy. The EU's relationships with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) illustrate the variety of the EU's engagement In West Africa, the EU is a pre-eminent actor, occasionally dictating an agenda and marginalising ECOWAS. In Southeast Asia, the EU remains subordinate, facing an uphill battle for relevance in the security sphere and a closer relationship to ASEAN. Prevailing explanations focus on the EU's internal characteristics or bilateral cooperation dynamics, but fail to fully explain this discrepancy. Based on new interview information, this article argues that the organisational environment also affects the EU's security cooperation with ASEAN and ECOWAS. The presence of competitive environments limits the EU's role in security cooperation and relegates it to a subordinate role. In the absence of competition, the EU is allowed to become pre-eminent