Percutaneous Cryoablation of Stage T1b Renal Cell Carcinoma: Technique Considerations, Safety, and Local Tumor Control

Purpose: To describe the technical methods, safety, and local tumor control rate associated with percutaneous cryoablation of stage T1b renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of a percutaneous renal ablation registry was used to identify 46 patients with a total of 46 biopsy-proven RCC lesions measuring 4.1-7.0 cm treated with cryoablation between 2003 and 2011. The main outcome parameters investigated were adjunctive maneuvers, complications, and local tumor progression, and cancer-specific survival rates. Complication rates werecategorized and recorded using the Clavien-Dindo classification system. Progression-free and cancer-specific survival rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: The mean treated RCC size was 4.8 cm (range, 4.1-6.4 cm). Prophylactic tumor embolization was performed in 7 patients (15%), ipsilateral ureteral stents were placed in 7 patients (15%), and hydrodisplacement of bowel was performed in the treatment of 16 tumors (35%). A single technical failure (2.2%) was observed at the time of ablation. Thirty-six tumors (78%) had follow-up imaging at 3 months or later following ablation, including a single recurrence at 9 months after ablation. The mean duration of follow-up for the 35 RCC tumors that did not recur was 2.0 years (range, 0.3-6.1 y). Estimated local progression-free survival rate at 3 years was 96.4%. Of the 46 cryoablation procedures, there were 7 complications (15.2%) of grade II or worse. Conclusions: The results suggest that cryoablation represents a valid treatment alternative for select patients with clinical stage T1b RCC. Complications are frequent enough that multidisciplinary patient management should be considered.