Micrometer scale polystyrene plastics of varying concentrations and particle sizes inhibit growth and upregulate microcystin-related gene expression in Microcystis aeruginosa

Microplastics (MPs) are a concerning environmental pollutant due to their adverse effects on aquatic organisms. However, the dose- and size-dependent effects of MPs on toxigenic cyanobacteria have not been extensively studied. Herein, we explored the effects of polystyrene MPs (PS-MPs) of varying particle sizes and concentrations on the growth and physiology of Microcystis aeruginosa. The results showed that exposure to 1 mu m PS-MPs at a concentration of 2-10 mg L--(1) significantly inhibited the growth of M. aeruginosa in a concentration-dependent manner. After 12 days of exposure, high concentrations of 1 mu m PS-MPs (>= 2 mg L--(1)) increased levels of reactive oxygen species. Following exposure to 5 mg L-1 PS-MPs of different particle sizes, algal growth was inhibited and oxidative stress was induced by 0.5 and 1 mu m PS-MPs. At the molecular level, transcription of the atpB gene was generally downregulated in all PS-MPs treatments, while ftsH and fabZ were upregulated. Exposure to PS-MPs also altered the transcription levels of microcystin-related genes (mcyA and mcyH), causing more microcystin to be produced by M. aeruginosa. The results will be useful for understanding the toxicity of MPs toward toxigenic cyanobacteria, and evaluating the ecological risks of MPs in aquatic environments.