Behavioural responses of freshwater phytoplanktonic flagellates to a temperature gradient

Photoresponses of motile phytoplanktonic flagellates have been widely studied, whereas the behavioural responses of these organisms to temperature, and their potential ecological consequences, have rarely been considered. This study investigated the population responses and individual swimming trajectories of five phylogenetically contrasting species of freshwater flagellates exposed to a gradient of temperature in micro-scale preference chambers. Population responses demonstrated a species-dependent diversity in thermoresponsive behaviour. Across a gradient of 9.8 to 15.1degreesC which simulated the typical range of temperature across a thermocline in a temperate monomictic lake, Ceratium furcoides, Chlamydomonas moewusii, Dinobryon sertularia and Plagioselmis nannoplanctica all preferred the highest temperatures. In contrast, Euglena gracilis preferred the lowest temperature. Analysis of the swimming behaviour of individual cells confirmed preferences and demonstrated that, in all species, a combination of tactic and kinetic reactions was responsible for these accumulations. For the first time, controlled positive and negative thermotaxes towards a temperature preference were identified. This thermotactic orientation, in conjunction with a reduction in directionality of response in the preference zone and with ortho- and klino-thermokinesis, enabled cells to maintain position at preferred temperatures. Specifically, in all species apart from P. nannoplanctica. significant ortho-kinetic increases in swimming speed permitted rapid movement of cells away from unfavourable conditions, while a reduction in speed and a klino-kinetic increase in rate of turning (in all five species) maintained position within favoured temperatures. This ability to detect, orientate and accumulate within a temperature gradient may be triggered by physiological processes and presents ecological advantages. Behavioural response to temperature may optimize growth, influence the spatial and temporal distribution of flagellates, particularly the diel position of cells during migration, and contribute to the delineation of niche separation.