Entropy and the Spectral Action

We compute the information theoretic von Neumann entropy of the state associated to the fermionic second quantization of a spectral triple. We show that this entropy is given by the spectral action of the spectral triple for a specific universal function. The main result of our paper is the surprising relation between this function and the Riemann zeta function. It manifests itself in particular by the values of the coefficients c(d) by which it multiplies the d dimensional terms in the heat expansion of the spectral triple. We find that c(d) is the product of the Riemann xi function evaluated at -d by an elementary expression. In particular c(4) is a rational multiple of zeta(5) and c(2) a rational multiple of zeta(3). The functional equation gives a duality between the coefficients in positive dimension, which govern the high energy expansion, and the coefficients in negative dimension, exchanging even dimension with odd dimension.