The susceptibility of overt and covert integrity tests to coaching and faking

Although previous research has indicated that faking can affect integrity test scores, the effects of coaching on integrity test scores have never been examined. We conducted a between-subjects experiment to assess the effects of coaching and faking instructions on an overt and a covert integrity test. Coaching provided simple rules to follow when answering test items and instructions on how to avoid elevated validity scale scores. There were five instruction conditions: ''just take,'' ''fake good,'' ''coach overt,'' ''coach covert,'' and ''coach both.'' All subjects completed both overt and covert tests and a measure of intelligence. Results provided strong evidence for the coachability of the overt integrity test, over and above the much smaller elevation in the faking condition. The covert test apparently could be neither coached nor faked successfully. Scores on both integrity tests tended to be positively correlated with intelligence in the coaching and faking conditions. We discuss the generalizability of these results to other samples and other integrity tests, and the relevance of the coachability of integrity rests to the ongoing debate concerning the prediction of counterproductive behavior.