Ocean Acidification at High Latitudes: Potential Effects on Functioning of the Antarctic Bivalve Laternula elliptica

被引:134
作者
Cummings, Vonda [1 ]
Hewitt, Judi [2 ]
Van Rooyen, Anthony [3 ]
Currie, Kim [4 ]
Beard, Samuel [3 ]
Thrush, Simon [2 ]
Norkko, Joanna [5 ]
Barr, Neill [1 ]
Heath, Philip [1 ]
Halliday, N. Jane
Sedcole, Richard [3 ]
Gomez, Antony
McGraw, Christina [6 ]
Metcalf, Victoria [3 ]
机构
[1] Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Mahanga Bay Aquaculture Facil, Wellington, New Zealand
[2] Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Hillcrest, New Zealand
[3] Lincoln Univ, Dept Wine Food & Mol Biosci, Lincoln, New Zealand
[4] Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Dunedin, New Zealand
[5] Abo Akad Univ, Turku, Finland
[6] Univ Otago, Dept Chem, Dunedin, New Zealand
关键词
OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; TEMPERATURE; IMPACT; EVOLUTIONARY; DISSOLUTION; GROWTH; KING; VULNERABILITY; ADAPTATION;
D O I
10.1371/journal.pone.0016069
中图分类号
O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];
学科分类号
07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;
摘要
Ocean acidification is a well recognised threat to marine ecosystems. High latitude regions are predicted to be particularly affected due to cold waters and naturally low carbonate saturation levels. This is of concern for organisms utilising calcium carbonate (CaCO3) to generate shells or skeletons. Studies of potential effects of future levels of pCO(2) on high latitude calcifiers are at present limited, and there is little understanding of their potential to acclimate to these changes. We describe a laboratory experiment to compare physiological and metabolic responses of a key benthic bivalve, Laternula elliptica, at pCO(2) levels of their natural environment (430 mu atm, pH 7.99; based on field measurements) with those predicted for 2100 (735 mu atm, pH 7.78) and glacial levels (187 mu atm, pH 8.32). Adult L. elliptica basal metabolism (oxygen consumption rates) and heat shock protein HSP70 gene expression levels increased in response both to lowering and elevation of pH. Expression of chitin synthase (CHS), a key enzyme involved in synthesis of bivalve shells, was significantly up-regulated in individuals at pH 7.78, indicating L. elliptica were working harder to calcify in seawater undersaturated in aragonite (Omega(Ar) = 0.71), the CaCO3 polymorph of which their shells are comprised. The different response variables were influenced by pH in differing ways, highlighting the importance of assessing a variety of factors to determine the likely impact of pH change. In combination, the results indicate a negative effect of ocean acidification on whole-organism functioning of L. elliptica over relatively short terms (weeks-months) that may be energetically difficult to maintain over longer time periods. Importantly, however, the observed changes in L. elliptica CHS gene expression provides evidence for biological control over the shell formation process, which may enable some degree of adaptation or acclimation to future ocean acidification scenarios.
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页数:11
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