Aptamers Chemistry: Chemical Modifications and Conjugation Strategies

被引:262
作者
Odeh, Fadwa [1 ,2 ]
Nsairat, Hamdi [1 ]
Alshaer, Walhan [3 ]
Ismail, Mohammad A. [4 ]
Esawi, Ezaldeen [4 ]
Qaqish, Baraa [4 ]
Al Bawab, Abeer [1 ,2 ]
Ismail, Said I. [4 ,5 ]
机构
[1] Univ Jordan, Fac Sci, Amman 11942, Jordan
[2] Univ Jordan, Hamdi Mango Ctr Sci Res, Amman 11942, Jordan
[3] Univ Jordan, Cell Therapy Ctr, Amman 11942, Jordan
[4] Univ Jordan, Fac Med, Amman 11942, Jordan
[5] Qatar Fdn, Qatar Genome Project, Doha 5825, Qatar
关键词
aptamers; drug delivery; nanocarriers; chemical modifications; conjugation; IN-VITRO SELECTION; TARGETED DRUG-DELIVERY; CONTROLLED-RELEASE DELIVERY; THROMBIN BINDING APTAMER; PROSTATE-CANCER CELLS; MODIFIED DNA APTAMERS; LOCKED NUCLEIC-ACIDS; RNA APTAMERS; HIGH-AFFINITY; COMBINATORIAL SELECTION;
D O I
10.3390/molecules25010003
中图分类号
Q5 [生物化学]; Q7 [分子生物学];
学科分类号
071010 ; 081704 ;
摘要
Soon after they were first described in 1990, aptamers were largely recognized as a new class of biological ligands that can rival antibodies in various analytical, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications. Aptamers are short single-stranded RNA or DNA oligonucleotides capable of folding into complex 3D structures, enabling them to bind to a large variety of targets ranging from small ions to an entire organism. Their high binding specificity and affinity make them comparable to antibodies, but they are superior regarding a longer shelf life, simple production and chemical modification, in addition to low toxicity and immunogenicity. In the past three decades, aptamers have been used in a plethora of therapeutics and drug delivery systems that involve innovative delivery mechanisms and carrying various types of drug cargos. However, the successful translation of aptamer research from bench to bedside has been challenged by several limitations that slow down the realization of promising aptamer applications as therapeutics at the clinical level. The main limitations include the susceptibility to degradation by nucleases, fast renal clearance, low thermal stability, and the limited functional group diversity. The solution to overcome such limitations lies in the chemistry of aptamers. The current review will focus on the recent arts of aptamer chemistry that have been evolved to refine the pharmacological properties of aptamers. Moreover, this review will analyze the advantages and disadvantages of such chemical modifications and how they impact the pharmacological properties of aptamers. Finally, this review will summarize the conjugation strategies of aptamers to nanocarriers for developing targeted drug delivery systems.
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页数:51
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