Ammonia-based compression heat pumps for simultaneous heating and cooling applications in milk pasteurization processes: Performance evaluation

Ammonia-based heat pumps were investigated to deliver heating (65-95 degrees C) and cooling (2 degrees C) simultaneously for the pasteurization of raw milk. Two compression heat pump configurations using a pure refrigerant (ammonia) and zeotropic mixture (ammonia/water) as working fluids were integrated with raw milk pasteurization process: two-stage ammonia compression heat pump with closed intercooler, and two-stage ammonia/ water compression heat pump with a solution circuit. The integrated heat pump systems performance simulations were carried out at the base-case design conditions and parametric study on the influence of key operational variables on the system's first- and second-law efficiencies. These heat pumps are attractive and more efficient solutions than current heating and cooling systems used in the dairy processing industries (fossil-fuelfired boiler and ammonia compression chiller) by up to 59% of a primary energy saving. Besides, the two-stage ammonia/water heat pump operates at a lower system high pressure than the ammonia heat pump, which allows reducing the cost of the system components, especially for the compressor. The development of such types of multi-stage compression heat pumps (with large-temperature-lift) using zeotropic mixture with wide temperature glide, as a working fluid, significantly contributes towards the decarbonization of the dairy processing industry.