A systematic review on the prevalence of preoperative and postoperative depression in lumbar fusion

Background: Depression and Degenerative Spine Disease (DSD) frequently co-exist. Pooled prevalence estimates of depression before and after lumbar fusion surgery has not been analyzed before. The purpose of this systematic review was to estimate the pre-and post-operative prevalence of depression in patients with DSD undergoing lumbar fusion.Methods: A literature review until April 30th 2022 was performed. All studies on DSD patients undergoing lumbar spine fusion surgery with either a history of formal diagnosis of depression or a recording of depression using a validated tool were included. Patients with other psychiatric conditions or undergoing a different form of spinal surgery were excluded. Risk of bias of the included studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.Results: Fifteen (15) studies with a total of 98.375 patients met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. The prevalence estimate of depression in patients before surgery was 15,35 % (95% CI: 10,56-20,86%). In the 7 studies including patients who had undergone lumbar fusion, the pooled prevalence was estimated 11,46% (95% CI: 8,11-15,30%).Conclusion: An increased prevalence of depression in patients undergoing lumbar spine fusion was noted. Given the correlation between depression and poor surgical outcomes, strategies should be identified to prevent and treat depression in these patients.