Circular Economy, 3D Printing, and the Biosphere Rules

This article applies the Biosphere Rules-a biomimicry-inspired management framework for circular economy initiatives-to the emerging field of additive manufacturing and three-dimensional (3D) Printing, which are revolutionizing industrial sectors from medical devices to spare parts. They are also potentially keys in the emergence of a true circular economy that will bring about environmentally sustainable manufacturing. This article lays out an established strategy that can guide managers and policy makers in pursuit of a cradle-to-cradle economy.