An overview on Estrogen receptors signaling and its ligands in breast cancer

Estrogen governs the regulations of various pathological and physiological actions throughout the body in both males and females. Generally, 17 beta-estradiol an endogenous estrogen is responsible for different health problems in pre and postmenopausal women. The major activities of endogenous estrogen are executed by nuclear es-trogen receptors (ERs) ER alpha and ER beta while non-genomic cytoplasmic pathways also govern cell growth and apoptosis. Estrogen accomplished a fundamental role in the formation and progression of breast cancer. In this review, we have hyphenated different studies regarding ERs and a thorough and detailed study of estrogen re-ceptors is presented. This review highlights different aspects of estrogens ranging from receptor types, their isoforms, structures, signaling pathways of ER alpha, ER beta and GPER along with their crystal structures, pathological roles of ER, ER ligands, and therapeutic strategies to overcome the resistance.