Comparing Type D personality and older age as correlates of tumor necrosis factor-α dysregulation in chronic heart failure

Tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-alpha) and its soluble receptors 1 (sTNFR 1) and 2 (sTNFR2) have been shown to be implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic heart failure (CHF). Ageing is accompanied by increased plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We hypothesized that Type D personality (joint tendency to experience negative emotions and to inhibit self-expression) and age may have similar pro-inflammatory effects in the context of CHF. Participants in this study were 130 consecutive outpatients with CHF (76% men); there were 70 relatively younger (<= 59 years) and 60 relatively older (>= 60 years) patients. They all completed the 14-item Type D Scale (DS14); 43 patients (33%) had a Type D personality. A multivariate model of cytokine levels indicated an independent overall effect of both older age [F(1, 128) = 9.11, p =.003] and Type D personality [F(1, 128) = 8.28, p =.005]. Stratifying patients in age/personality subgroups showed that younger non-Type D patients had the lowest and older Type D patients the highest sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 levels (986 +/- 318 vs 1661 +/- 1128 pg/ml and 1838 +/- 777 vs 2823 +/- 1439 pg/ml, p <.0001). Importantly, the mean sTNFR1 level in younger Type D patients (1359 660 pg/ml) was equivalent to that in older non-Type D patients (1360 +/- 440 pg/ml, p =.99) who were on average 18 years older. Younger Type D and older non-Type D patients also had similar sTNFR2 levels (2406 +/- 1329 vs 2448 +/- 812 pg/ml, p =.88). Only older Type D patients had a higher mean TNF-alpha level as compared to patients who were younger or who were not Type D (5.4 +/- 2.9 vs 3.9 +/- 2.4 pg/ml, p =.008). A logistic regression model including sex, severity of CHF, systolic heart failure and ischemic etiology indicated that the combined risk category of older age or Type D was independently associated with substantially increased sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 levels. Hence, Type D personality was associated with increased TNF-alpha activity. This disease-promoting effect of Type D matched the pro-inflammatory effect of ageing. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.