Rapid range expansion of an invasive flatworm, Kontikia andersoni, on sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island

Spanning the Southern Ocean high latitudes, Sub-Antarctic islands are protected areas with high conservation values. Despite the remoteness of these islands, non-native species threaten native species and ecosystem function. The most ubiquitous and speciose group of non-native species in the region are invertebrates. Due to their cryptic habits and ambiguous establishment history, the impacts of non-native invertebrates on native species and ecosystems in the region remains largely unknown. Understanding how non-native invertebrate species are transported, disperse, establish and colonise new habitats is key to understanding their existing and future impacts. This research is fundamental to improving biosecurity practise and informing future management of Southern Ocean islands. We undertook invertebrate surveys on Macquarie Island to determine the current status of four non-native macro-invertebrates-Kontikia andersoni and Arthurdendyus vegrandis (Platyhelminthes: Geoplanidae), Styloniscus otakensis (Isopoda: Styloniscidae) and Puhuruhuru patersoni (Amphipoda: Talitridae). Arthurdendyus vergrandis was not intercepted in our surveys, while we found S. otakensis and P. patersoni had not expanded their range. In contrast, K. andersoni has more than doubled its previously mapped area and expanded at a rate of similar to 500 m-yr since 2004. We discuss the possible underlying mechanisms for the dramatic range expansion of K. andersoni and consider the implications for the future management of Macquarie Island.