Spatiotemporal occurrence of phthalate esters in stormwater drains of Hong Kong, China: Mass loading and source identification

Urban stormwater is an important pathway for transporting anthropogenic pollutants to water bodies. Phthalate esters (PAEs) are endocrine disruptors owing to their estrogenic activity and potential carcinogenicity and their ubiquitous presence has garnered global interest. However, their transportation by urban stormwater has been largely overlooked. This study, for the first time, investigated 15 PAEs in stormwater from six major stormwater drains in the highly urbanized Hong Kong, a major metropolitan city in China. The results showed that PAEs were ubiquitous in the stormwater of Hong Kong, with total concentrations (n-ary sumation sigma(15)PAEs) spanning from 195 to 80,500 ng/L. Bis(2-n-butoxyethyl) phthalate (DBEP), diisopentyl phthalate (DiPP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) and di-n-pentyl phthalate (DnPP) were detected in stormwater for the first time. Spatial variations in PAEs were observed among different stormwater drains, possibly due to the different land use patterns and intensities of human activities in their respective catchments. The highest and lowest levels of n-ary sumation sigma(15)PAEs were found in Kwai Chung (3860 +/- 1960 ng/L) and the Ng Tung River (672 +/- 557 ng/L), respectively. Additionally, significantly higher concentrations of n-ary sumation sigma(15)PAEs in stormwater were found in the wet season (2520 +/- 2050 ng/L) than in the dry season (947 +/- 904 ng/L). Principal component analysis classified domestic and industrial origins as two important sources of PAEs in the stormwater of Hong Kong. Stormwater played a crucial role in transporting PAEs, with an estimated annual flux of 0.705-29.4 kg. Thus, possible stormwater management measures were proposed to protect the receiving environment and local ecosystems from stormwater.