Monte Carlo analysis of optical heart rate sensors in commercial wearables: the effect of skin tone and obesity on the photoplethysmography (PPG) signal

被引:27
作者
Ajmal [1 ]
Boonya-Ananta, Tananant [1 ]
Rodriguez, Andres J. [1 ]
Du Le, V. N. [1 ]
Ramella-Roman, Jessica C. [1 ,2 ]
机构
[1] Florida Int Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, 10555 W Flagler St, Miami, FL 33174 USA
[2] Florida Int Univ, Herbert Wertheim Coll Med, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL 33199 USA
基金
美国国家科学基金会;
关键词
PIGMENTATION; VALIDATION;
D O I
10.1364/BOE.439893
中图分类号
Q5 [生物化学];
学科分类号
071010 ; 081704 ;
摘要
Commercially available wearable devices have been used for fitness and health management and their demand has increased over the last ten years. These "general wellness" and heart-rate monitoring devices have been cleared by the Food and Drug Administration for over-the-counter use, yet anecdotal and more systematic reports seem to indicate that their error is higher when used by individuals with elevated skin tone and high body mass index (BMI). In this work, we used Monte Carlo modeling of a photoplethysmography (PPG) signal to study the theoretical limits of three different wearable devices (Apple Watch series 5, Fitbit Versa 2 and Polar M600) when used by individuals with a BMI range of 20 to 45 and a Fitzpatrick skin scale 1 to 6. Our work shows that increased BMI and skin tone can induce a relative loss of signal of up to 61.2% in Fitbit versa 2, 32% in Apple S5 and 32.9% in Polar M600 when considering the closest source-detector pair configuration in these devices. (c) 2021 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement
引用
收藏
页码:7445 / 7457
页数:13
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