The effects of soil liming and sewage sludge application on dynamics of copper fractions and total copper concentration

The paper deals with effects of liming and different doses of municipal sewage sludge ( 5, 10, and 15 % of soil mass) on copper speciation in soil. In all samples, pH was determined together with total copper concentration, which was measured with the ICP-AES method. Concentration of copper chemical fractions was determined using the seven-step procedure of Zeien and Brummer. In the soil treated with the highest dose of sludge ( 15 %), there was, compared to the control, a twofold increase in the concentration of copper and a threefold increase in the concentration of nitrogen. Copper speciation analysis showed that in the municipal sewage sludge the easily soluble and exchangeable fractions ( F1 and F2) constituted only a small share of copper with the highest amount of this metal in the organic ( F4) and residual ( F7) fractions. In the soil, at the beginning of the experiment, the highest share was in the organic fraction ( F4), the residual fraction ( F7) but also in the fraction where copper is bound to amorphous iron oxides ( F5). After 420 days, at the end of the experiment, the highest amount of copper was mainly in the organic fraction ( F4) and in the fraction with amorphous iron oxides ( F5). Due to mineralization of organic matter in the sewage sludge, copper was released into the soil with the share of the residual fraction ( F7) decreasing. In this fraction, there was much more copper in limed soil than in non-limed soil.