In vivo electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry with particulate materials

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) methods can be used to study tissue pO(2) (Pto(2)) in anesthetized or awake animals (EPR oximetry). The method takes advantage of the fact that some paramagnetic materials have an EPR linewidth that is sensitive to the pO(2) in which the material is located. This article provides an overview of the method of EPR oximetry using implanted particulate materials as the sensors of pO(2). Characteristics of these materials are described to help the reader understand the factors involved in choosing the optimum particulate material. Examples of biological studies are included that show how EPR oximetry may be used on both awake and anesthetized animals. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.