Connection of reactive oxygen species as an essential actor for the mechanism of phenomena; ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning: Come to age or ripening?

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC), in 1986, and then ischemic postconditioning (IPoC), in 2003, were determined and lots of studies on the many organs were performed about the preventive effects of these strong endogenous mechanisms on the relevant tissues against ischemia-reperfusion and their protective impressions have been emphasized by many authorities up to date. Reactive oxygen molecules are immensely active molecules, originating from molecular oxygen, playing a principal role in intracellular signalization, aging, and various pathologic conditions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide are known in the pathogenesis of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. In the pathogenesis of cellular and tissue injury in I/R, the significant output of ROS in the initial phase of reperfusion, particularly between the 1st and 7th min, has been propounded as being an essential and crucial main factor for the phenomena. Even though a great deal of mechanisms has been asserted for IPC and IPoC, the distinct shielder mechanism(s) was/were not clearly proved yet. However, occupying a significant place of ROS among these forecasted mechanisms has been advocated up to date.