Dietary iron deficiency impaired intestinal immune function of on-growing grass carp under the infection of Aeromonas hydrophila: Regulation of NF-κB and TOR signaling

Iron is an important mineral element for fish. In this study, we investigated the influences of dietary iron deficiency on intestinal immune function as well as underlying signaling of on-growing grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Fish were fed with six graded level of dietary iron for sixty days, and a fourteen days' challenge test under infection of Aeromonas hydrophila thereafter. Results showed that compared with optimal iron level, iron deficiency increased enteritis morbidity, decreased lysozyme (LZ) and acid phosphatase (ACP) activities, complement 3 (C3), C4 and immunoglobulin M (IgM) concentrations and down-regulated mRNA levels of hepcidin, liver expressed antimicrobial peptide 2A (LEAP-2A), LEAP-2B, Mucin2, beta-defensin-1, anti-inflammatory cytokines transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1), TGF-beta 2, interleukin 4/13A (IL-4/13A), IL-4/13B, IL-10, IL-11 and IL-15, inhibitor of kappa B alpha (I kappa B alpha), target of rapamycin (TOR) and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), whereas up-regulated mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 beta, interferon gamma 2 (IFN-gamma 2), IL-8, IL-12p35, IL-12p40 and IL-17D, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) p65, I kappa B kinases alpha (IKK alpha), IKK beta and eIF4E-binding protein (4E-BP) in intestine of on-growing grass carp, indicating that iron deficiency impaired intestinal immune function of fish under infection of A. hydrophila. Besides, iron excess also increased enteritis morbidity and impaired immune function of fish under infection of A. hydrophila. In addition, the effect of ferrous fumarate on intestinal immune function of on-growing grass carp is more efficient than ferrous sulfate. Finally, based on ability against enteritis, LZ activities in mid intestine and distal intestine, we recommended adding 83.37, 86.71 and 85.39 mg iron/kg into diet, respectively.