Intensification of chemical processing applications using ultrasonic and microwave irradiations

The present work offers insights into the use of ultrasonic and microwave irradiations for the intensification of chemical processing applications. A critical opinion on the governing mechanisms, reactor designs and effects of the operating parameters on the degree of intensification has been presented. Discussion on the possible combined application of ultrasound and microwave to yield synergistic effects have also been presented. Overall, it appears that significant process intensification benefits in terms of reduced reaction times, higher yields, use of ambient conditions and reduced chemical requirement can be harnessed based on the use of irradiations, possibly leading to considerable economic savings.