Rational Engineering of Bioinspired Anthocyanidin Fluorophores with Excellent Two-Photon Properties for Sensing and Imaging

Fluorescent materials are widely employed in biological analysis owing to their biorthogonal chemistries for imaging and sensing purposes. However, it is always a challenge to design fluorophores with desired photophysical and biological properties, due to their complicated molecular and optical nature. Inspired by anthocyanidin, a class of flower pigments, we designed a new fluorescent molecular framework, AC-Fluor. The new fluorescent materials can be rationally engineered to produce a broad range of fluorescent scaffolds with flexibly tunable emission spectra covering the whole visible light range, from 467 to 707 nm. Furthermore, they exhibit unprecedented environment-insensitive two-photon properties with, a substantial cross section as large as 1100 GM in aqueous solution. AC-Fluors demonstrate their biological values through two-photon deep tissue imaging, with penetration depths as much as 300 mu m, while exhibiting minimal cytotoxicity. These features engender a rational engineering strategy for the design and optimization of new fluorescent materials for biological imaging.