The evolutionary relations of sunken covered, and encrypted stomata to dry habitats in proteaceae

被引:86
作者
Jordan, Gregory J. [1 ]
Weston, Peter H. [2 ]
Carpenter, Raymond J. [3 ]
Dillon, Rebecca A. [1 ]
Brodribb, Timothy J. [1 ]
机构
[1] Univ Tasmania, Sch Plant Sci, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia
[2] Royal Bot Gardens, Sydney, NSW 2002, Australia
[3] Univ Adelaide, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
关键词
ancestral state reconstruction; bioclimatic modeling; palaeoclimate; papillae; phyloclimatic analysis; Proteaceae; sclerophylly; stomatal encryption; water relations; xeromorphy;
D O I
10.3732/ajb.2007333
中图分类号
Q94 [植物学];
学科分类号
071001 ;
摘要
Sunken, covered, and encrypted stomata have been anecdotally linked with dry climates and reduced transpiration and therefore have been used to infer dry palaeoclimates from fossils. This study assesses the evolutionary and ecological associations of such stomatal protection in a model system-the diverse southern hemisphere family Proteaceae. Analyses were based on the morphology of over 1400 Australian, South African, New Caledonian, New Zealand, and South American species, anatomy of over 300 of these species, and bioclimatic data from all 1109 Australian species. Ancestral state reconstruction revealed that five or six evolutionary transitions explain over 98% of the dry climate species in the family, with a few other, minor invasions of dry climates. Deep encryption, i.e., stomata in deep pits, in grooves, enclosed by tightly revolute margins or strongly overarched by cuticle, evolved at least 11 times in very dry environments. Other forms of stomatal protection (sunken but not closely encrypted stomata, papillae, and layers of hairs covering the stomata) also evolved repeatedly, but had no systematic association with dry climates. These data are evidence for a strong distinction in function, with deep encryption being an adaptation to aridity, whereas broad pits and covered stomata have more complex relations to climate.
引用
收藏
页码:521 / 530
页数:10
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