Chemical looping combustion of solid fuels

Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) has arisen during last years as a very promising combustion technology for power plants and industrial applications, with inherent CO2 capture which reduces the energy penalty imposed on other competing technologies. The use of solid fuels in CLC has been highly developed in the last decade and currently stands at a technical readiness level (TRL) of 6. In this paper, experience gained during CLC operation in continuous units is reviewed and appraised, focusing mainly on technical and environmental issues relating to the use of solid fuels. Up to now, more than 2700 h of operational experience has been reported in 19 pilot plants ranging from 0.5 kW(th) to 4 MWth. When designing a CLC unit of solid fuels, the preferred configuration for the scale-up is a two circulating fluidized beds (CFB) system. Coal has been the most commonly used solid fuel in CLC, but biomass has recently emerged as a very promising option to achieve negative emissions using bioenergy with carbon dioxide capture and storage (BECCS). Mostly low cost iron and manganese materials have been used as oxygen carriers in the so called in-situ gasification CLC (iG-CLC). The development of Chemical Looping with Oxygen Uncoupling (CLOU) makes a qualitative step forward in the solid fuel combustion, due to the use of materials able to release oxygen. The performance and environmental issues of CLC of solid fuels is evaluated here. Regarding environmental aspects, the pollutant emissions (SO2, NOx, etc.) released into the atmosphere from the air reactor are no cause of concern for the environment. However, the presence of SO2, NOx and Hg at the exit of the fuel reactor affects CO2 quality, which must be taken into account during the later compression and purification stages. The effect of the main variables affecting CLC performance is evaluated for fuel conversion, CO2 capture rate, and combustion efficiency obtained in different CLC units. Solid fuel conversion is normally not complete during operation, due to the undesired loss of char. A methodology is presented to extrapolate the current information to what could be expected in a larger CLC system. CO2 capture near 100% has been reported using a highly efficient carbon stripper, highly reactive fuels (such as lignites and biomass, etc.) or by the CLOU process. Operational experience in iG-CLC has showed that it is not possible to reach complete fuel combustion, making an additional oxygen polishing step necessary. For the further scale-up, it is essential to reduce the unburnt compounds at the fuel reactor outlet. Proposals to achieve this reduction already exist and include both improvement to the gas-oxygen carrier contact, or new design concepts based on the current scheme for iG-CLC. In addition, CLOU based on copper materials has shown that complete fuel combustion could be achieved. Main challenges for the future development and scale-up of CLC technology have been also identified. A breakthrough in the future development of CLC technology for solid fuels will come from developing long-life materials for CLOU that are easy to recover from the ash purge stream. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.