Transient and persistent tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium currents in squid olfactory receptor neurons

Squid olfactory receptor neurons are primary bipolar sensory neurons capable of transducing water-born odorant signals into electrical impulses that are transmitted to the brain. In this study, we have identified and characterized the macroscopic properties of voltage-gated Na+ channels in olfactory receptor neurons from the squid Lolliguncula brevis. Using whole-cell voltage-clamp techniques, we found that the voltage-gated Na+ channels were tetrodotoxin sensitive and had current densities ranging from 5 to 169 pA pF(-1). Analyses of the voltage dependence and kinetics revealed interesting differences from voltage-gated Na+ channels in olfactory receptor neurons from other species; the voltage of half-inactivation was shifted to the right and the voltage of half-activation was shifted to the left such that a "window-current" occurred, where 10-18% of the Na+ channels activated and did not inactivate at potentials near action potential threshold. Our findings suggest that in squid olfactory neurons, a subset of voltage-gated Na+ channels may play a role in generating a pacemaker-type current for setting the tonic levels of electrical activity required for transmission of hyperpolarizing odor responses to the brain.