Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and genotype diversity in select wildlife species from the southeastern United States

Background: Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread protozoan parasite that infects humans and other animals. Previous studies indicate some genotypes of T. gondii are more frequently isolated in wildlife than agricultural animals, suggesting a wild/feral animal diversity model. To determine seroprevalence and genetic diversity of T. gondii in southeastern US wildlife, we collected sera from 471 wild animals, including 453 mammals and 18 birds, between 2011 and 2014. These serum samples were assayed for T. gondii infection using the modified agglutination test (MAT). Heart or tongue tissues from 66 seropositive animals were bioassayed in mice and 19 isolates were obtained. The isolated parasites were genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method employing 10 genetic markers. Results: One hundred and ninety-six of 471 samples (41.6%) had a titer >= 1:32 and were considered positive for T. gondii infection. Of 453 mammals, 195 (43%) were seropositive, whereas only one (5.6%) of 18 birds was seropositive. The seroprevalence in mammals was significantly higher than in the birds. Mammalian hosts with adequate samples size (>= 20) comprised white-tailed deer (n = 241), feral hogs (n = 100), raccoons (n = 34) and coyotes (n = 22), with seroprevalences of 41.0%, 51.0%, 50.0% and 72.7%, respectively. Coyotes had significantly higher seroprevalence than the white-tailed deer. Genotyping revealed five distinct genotypes, including the ToxoDB PCR-RFLP genotype #5 (a.k.a type 12) for 15 isolates, genotype #3 (a.k.a. type II) for 1 isolate, and genotypes #154, #167 and #216, each for 1 isolate. The results showed moderate to high infection rates of T. gondii in white-tailed deer, feral hogs, raccoons and coyotes. Genotyping results indicated limited genetic diversity and a dominance of genotype #5, which has been reported as a major type in wildlife in North America. Conclusions: We conclude that T. gondii infection is common in game animals (white-tailed deer and feral hogs) in the southeastern US, which may pose a food safety risk to humans. Further research is necessary to understand T. gondii transmission from wildlife to farm animals and humans.