From Simple to Architecturally Complex Hydrogel Scaffolds for Cell and Tissue Engineering Applications: Opportunities Presented by Two-Photon Polymerization

被引:88
作者
Song, Jiaxi [1 ]
Michas, Christos [1 ]
Chen, Christopher S. [1 ]
White, Alice E. [1 ,2 ]
Grinstaff, Mark W. [3 ,4 ]
机构
[1] Boston Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Boston, MA 02215 USA
[2] Boston Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Boston, MA 02215 USA
[3] Boston Univ, Dept Chem, 590 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA
[4] Boston Univ, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02215 USA
基金
美国国家科学基金会;
关键词
cellular scaffolds; direct laser writing; hydrogels; tissue engineering; two-photon polymerization; MULTIPHOTON-EXCITED MICROFABRICATION; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; CROSS-LINKING; STEM-CELLS; 3-DIMENSIONAL MICROFABRICATION; HYBRID MATERIALS; HIGH-RESOLUTION; MATRIX; PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION; PHOTOFABRICATION;
D O I
10.1002/adhm.201901217
中图分类号
R318 [生物医学工程];
学科分类号
0831 ;
摘要
Direct laser writing via two-photon polymerization (2PP) is an emerging micro- and nanofabrication technique to prepare predetermined and architecturally precise hydrogel scaffolds with high resolution and spatial complexity. As such, these scaffolds are increasingly being evaluated for cell and tissue engineering applications. This article first discusses the basic principles and photoresists employed in 2PP fabrication of hydrogels, followed by an in-depth introduction of various mechanical and biological characterization techniques used to assess the fabricated structures. The design requirements for cell and tissue related applications are then described to guide the engineering, physicochemical, and biological efforts. Three case studies in bone, cancer, and cardiac tissues are presented that illustrate the need for structured materials in the next generation of clinical applications. This paper concludes by summarizing the progress to date, identifying additional opportunities for 2PP hydrogel scaffolds, and discussing future directions for 2PP research.
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页数:13
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