Patterns of Caffeine Consumption in Western Province of Saudi Arabia

Introduction: Caffeine is the most consumed psychoactive drug worldwide. Nowadays, the introduction of many caffeine-containing products, along with changes in the consumption patterns of both natural and synthetic sources of caffeine, has drawn the attention of health researchers. Information regarding consumption patterns of coffee and caffeinated products among the Saudi population, particularly in different regions, remains unclear. Thus, this study aims to identify the amount and sources of caffeine consumed by the Saudi population and explore its relationship with the consumption patterns. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study used an online self-administered questionnaire, including adults who live in the western province of Saudi Arabia and use caffeine products. A 15-item questionnaire was distributed via social media platforms between 1 June and 31 August 2021. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the participants' characteristics, and categorical variables were reported as frequencies and percentages. Chi-square test was used to test the difference between variables. Results: In total, 1,036 participants were included in the study. Females represented 80% of the participants included, and nearly half of participants (58%) received an undergraduate education. Concerning caffeine sources, most participants consumed coffee and tea (97%), followed by OTC medications containing caffeine (21%), energy drinks (17%) and other, such as soft drinks and chocolate (4%). Regarding drinking habits, most participants (89%) replied that they drink coffee/tea only, whereas 8% drink it with sweets and cakes and the rest (3%) have it either with water, fruit or a cigarette. Concerning adverse effects of caffeine intake, most participants experienced sleep disturbance (67%), headache (60%), arrythmia (51%) and stress and anxiety (40%). Sex showed a significant relation with OTC medications containing caffeine (p = 0.025) and adverse effects related to caffeine intake (p = 0.002). Conclusion: The present study provides useful data for multiple stakeholders in Saudi Arabia regarding caffeine consumption. Measures should be implemented to ensure safe caffeine consumption to avoid the occurrence of secondary events associated with a lack of knowledge related to its usage.