A good investment: longer-term cost savings of sensitive parenting in childhood

被引:20
作者
Bachmann, Christian J. [1 ]
Beecham, Jennifer [2 ,3 ]
O'Connor, Thomas G. [4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ]
Briskman, Jackie [8 ,9 ]
Scott, Stephen [8 ,9 ]
机构
[1] Univ Ulm, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Ulm, Germany
[2] Univ Kent, London Sch Econ, Canterbury, Kent, England
[3] Univ Kent, Personal Social Serv Res Unit, Cornwallis Cent, Canterbury, Kent, England
[4] Univ Rochester, Dept Psychiat, Wynne Ctr Family Res, Rochester, NY USA
[5] Univ Rochester, Dept Psychol, Wynne Ctr Family Res, Rochester, NY USA
[6] Univ Rochester, Dept Neurosci, Wynne Ctr Family Res, Rochester, NY USA
[7] Univ Rochester, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Wynne Ctr Family Res, Rochester, NY USA
[8] Kings Coll London, Natl Acad Parenting Res, London, England
[9] Kings Coll London, Inst Psychiat Psychol & Neurosci, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, London SE5 8AF, England
关键词
Antisocial behaviour; costs; parenting; physical abuse; sensitive responding; UNFAVORABLE ENVIRONMENTS; BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS; CONDUCT PROBLEMS; RISK-FACTORS; FOLLOW-UP; CHILDREN; INTERVENTIONS; ATTACHMENT; COMPETENCE; MOTHERS;
D O I
10.1111/jcpp.13461
中图分类号
B844 [发展心理学(人类心理学)];
学科分类号
040202 ;
摘要
Background Good quality parenting in early childhood is reliably associated with positive mental and physical health over the lifespan. The hypothesis that early parenting quality has significant long-term financial benefits has not been previously tested. Methods Design: Longitudinal study with follow-up from 2012 to 2016. Setting: UK multicentre study cohort (London, South-East England). Participants: 174 young people drawn from 2 samples, one at moderate risk of poor outcomes and one at high risk, assessed aged 4-6 years then followed up in early adolescence (mean age 12.1 years). Measures: The primary outcome was total costs: health, social care, extra school support, out-of-home placements and family-born expenditure, determined through semistructured economic interviews. Early parenting quality was independently assessed through direct observation of parent-child interaction. Results Costs were lower for youths exposed to more sensitive parenting (most sensitive quartile mean 1,619 pound, least sensitive quartile mean 21,763; pound p < .001). Costs were spread across personal family expenditure and education, health, social and justice services. The cost difference remained significant after controlling for several potential confounders. These included demographic variables (family poverty, parental education); exposure to child abuse; and child/young person variables including level of antisocial behaviour in both childhood and adolescence, IQ and attachment security. Conclusions This study is the first showing that more sensitive early parental care predicts lower costs to society many years later, independent of poverty, child and youth antisocial behaviour levels and IQ. Savings are likely to increase as individuals grow older since early parenting quality predicts health, behavioural and occupational outcomes in adulthood. The findings provide novel evidence for the public health impact of early caregiving quality and likely financial benefits of improving it.
引用
收藏
页码:78 / 87
页数:10
相关论文
共 54 条
[1]  
Ainsworth M., 2015, Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation
[2]  
ANGOLD A, 1995, PSYCHOL MED, V25, P739, DOI 10.1017/S003329170003498X
[3]   The cost of love: financial consequences of insecure attachment in antisocial youth [J].
Bachmann, Christian J. ;
Beecham, Jennifer ;
O'Connor, Thomas G. ;
Scott, Adam ;
Briskman, Jackie ;
Scott, Stephen .
JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY, 2019, 60 (12) :1343-1350
[4]   PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE BECK DEPRESSION INVENTORY - 25 YEARS OF EVALUATION [J].
BECK, AT ;
STEER, RA ;
GARBIN, MG .
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW, 1988, 8 (01) :77-100
[5]  
Beecham J., 2001, Measuring Mental Health Needs, V2, P200
[6]   Life course health consequences and associated annual costs of adverse childhood experiences across Europe and North America: a systematic review and meta-analysis [J].
Bellis, Mark A. ;
Hughes, Karen ;
Ford, Kat ;
Rodriguez, Gabriela Ramos ;
Sethi, Dinesh ;
Passmore, Jonathon .
LANCET PUBLIC HEALTH, 2019, 4 (10) :E517-E528
[7]   Positive Childhood Experiences and Adult Mental and Relational Health in a Statewide Sample Associations Across Adverse Childhood Experiences Levels [J].
Bethell, Christina ;
Jones, Jennifer ;
Gombojav, Narangerel ;
Linkenbach, Jeff ;
Sege, Robert .
JAMA PEDIATRICS, 2019, 173 (11)
[8]   The burden of mental ill health associated with childhood maltreatment in the UK, using The Health Improvement Network database: a population-based retrospective cohort study [J].
Chandan, Joht S. ;
Thomas, Tom ;
Gokhale, Krishna M. ;
Bandyopadhyay, Siddhartha ;
Taylor, Julie ;
Nirantharakumar, Krishnarajah .
LANCET PSYCHIATRY, 2019, 6 (11) :926-934
[9]   Parenting interventions: a systematic review of the economic evidence [J].
Charles, J. M. ;
Bywater, T. ;
Edwards, R. T. .
CHILD CARE HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT, 2011, 37 (04) :462-474
[10]   Association of Positive Family Relationships With Mental Health Trajectories From Adolescence to Midlife [J].
Chen, Ping ;
Harris, Kathleen Mullan .
JAMA PEDIATRICS, 2019, 173 (12)