Environmental emissions influencing solar photovoltaic waste management in Australia: An optimised system network of waste collection facilities

The Australian urban construction electricity sector has witnessed a transformational effect in the use of smallscale solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in the past decade. Currently, Australia has one of the highest rates of rooftop solar PV users with over 20% of households connected. This will see a rapid growth in the volume of PV waste in the coming years when these PV systems come to their end-of-life or require replacement. The collection and transportation involved in solar PV waste treatment has a significant impact on the environmental sustainability of Australian cities while designing a holistic reverse logistic (RL) network may play an essential role in the reduction of the associated cost and environmental impacts. In this study, the Weibull distribution model is employed to forecast the PV waste in the next three decades in South Australia. The study further estimates the pollutant emission associated with the collection and transportation of the waste for recycling and recovery using hotspot analysis, location allocation modelling and vehicle routing problem. Generation of pollutants - Particulate Matter (PM), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (CO2) and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) associated with transport and energy consumption are estimated through three routing scenarios. Results indicate that, there will be 109,007 tons of PV waste generated in urban and suburban context in South Australia by 2050. Among the three routing scenarios generated, the third scenario with optimised transfer stations and an additional recycling facility showed more than 34% reduction in pollutant emission. Such additional PV waste management facilities require policy support and regulations to effectively manage solar PV waste treatment and logistics.