The Organization of Active Site Side Chains of Glycerol-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase Promotes Efficient Enzyme Catalysis and Rescue of Variant Enzymes

A comparison of the values of K-cat/K-m for reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) by NADH catalyzed by wild type and K120A/R269A variant glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from human liver (h1GPDH) shows that the transition state for enzyme-catalyzed hydride transfer is stabilized by 12.0 kcal/mol by interactions with the cationic K120 and R269 side chains. The transition state for the K120A/R269A variant-catalyzed reduction of DHAP is stabilized by 1.0 and 3.8 kcal/mol for reactions in the presence of 1.0 M EtNH3+ and guanidinium cation (Gua(+)), respectively, and by 7.5 kcal/mol for reactions in the presence of a mixture of each cation at 1.0 M, so that the transition state stabilization by the ternary E.EtNH3+.Gua(+) complex is 2.8 kcal/mol greater than the sum of stabilization by the respective binary complexes. This shows that there is cooperativity between the paired activators in transition state stabilization. The effective molarities (EMs) of -50 M determined for the K120A and R269A side chains are <<10(6) M, the EM for entropically controlled reactions. The unusually efficient rescue of the activity of h1GPDH-catalyzed reactions by the HPi/Gua(+) pair and by the Gua(+)/EtNH3+ activator pair is due to stabilizing interactions between the protein and the activator pieces that organize the K120 and R269 side chains at the active site. This "preorganization" of side chains promotes effective catalysis by hlGPDH and many other enzymes. The role of the highly conserved network of side chains, which include Q295, R269, N270, N205, T264, K204, D260, and K120, in catalysis is discussed.