Vertical and seasonal variations of soil carbon pools in ginkgo agroforestry systems in eastern China

Agroforestry provides opportunities to decrease the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) released into the atmosphere by increasing the carbon (C) stored in agricultural systems. In agroforestry systems, soil C pools serve as the most important and stable C sink, but there is limited information on the vertical and seasonal variations of soil C pools. In this study, the vertical and seasonal variations of soil organic C (SOC) and its labile pools were measured in five planting systems: a pure ginkgo (Gingko biloba. L.) planting system, a pure wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) field, a pure metasequoia (Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng) seedling system, a ginkgo and wheat agroforestry system, and a ginkgo and metasequoia seedling agroforestry system. Among these systems, the ginkgo and wheat system had a significantly higher SOC content than the other systems throughout the year, particularly at depths of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm. Additionally, the pure ginkgo and pure metasequoia systems had lower SOC contents than the other planting systems, and this decrease was attributed to the relatively limited tree litter input and lower fine root biomass. Microbial biomass C (MBC) and soil readily oxidizable C (ROC) exhibited similar vertical and seasonal variations and reached minimum values in winter. The highest MBC and ROC contents were observed in the ginkgo and wheat system at a depth of 0-10 cm, i.e., 127.3 mg kg(-1) and 4.49 g kg(-1), respectively. The highest water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) content was observed in summer at a depth of 0-10 cm, i.e., 472.2 mg kg(-1). A Pearson correlation analysis indicated that soil properties were significantly correlated with SOC and labile C fractions. The results suggested that an agroforestry system resulted in a greater increase in the soil C sink; in particular, the ginkgo and wheat system achieved the best results. Basic soil properties played key roles in soil carbon formation. These results provide important information about SOC and labile C fraction dynamics resulting from planting systems and depth variations and strengthen our understanding of soil C sequestration in agroforestry systems.