A numerical method to quantify differential axial shortening in concrete buildings

Differential distortion comprising axial shortening and consequent rotation in concrete buildings is caused by the time dependent effects of "shrinkage", "creep" and "elastic" deformation. Reinforcement content, variable concrete modulus, volume to surface area ratio of elements and environmental conditions influence these distortions and their detrimental effects escalate with increasing height and geometric complexity of the structure and non-vertical load paths. Differential distortion has a significant impact on building envelopes, building services, secondary systems and the life time serviceability and performance of a building. Existing methods for quantifying these effects are unable to capture the complexity of such time dependent effects. This paper develops a numerical procedure that can accurately quantify the differential axial shortening that contributes significantly to the total distortion in concrete buildings by taking into consideration (i) construction sequence and (ii) time varying values of Young's modulus of reinforced concrete and creep and shrinkage. Finite element techniques are used with time history analysis to simulate the response to staged construction. This procedure is discussed herein and illustrated through an example. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.