Atherosclerosis regulation via media lipid-driven VSMC cholesterol efflux switch

It is known, that initial events in atherosclerosis arise in the intima with a parallel influx of inflammatory cells. I propose the opposite that the disease onset begins from the media vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) involvement and through its utilization of modified low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and free or esterified cholesterol. Other oxidized lipoprotein molecules remain in the media which are non-removed by high-density lipoproteins (HDL), owing to their structural damages after local vasa vasorum and adventitia lymphatic disorders. Mechanism by which VSMC ingulf and degrade them includes lipid-driven activation of VSMC reverse cholesterol transport pathways from the media to macrophages, and from the last - to plasma HDL (non-damaged) and apoA-1 or - directly to them. When some of the pathways are impaired, its demands a reprogramming of the existing cholesterol removal route to another, or selective gene involvements and transcriptional regulation of inflammatory signaling. Intima cell call-effects may be linked after their down-regulation with the expression of cytokines, chemokines by migrating VSMC to stem cells for dose-dependant proliferation, VSMC and macrophage maturation in non- and inflammatory phases of early or late atherosclerosis. (c) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.