Unequal Rights Between LGBTQ Parents Living in the U.S.: The Association of Minority Stress to Relationship Satisfaction and Parental Stress

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) individuals who become parents in the United States may not be granted legal recognition as parents upon beginning their families, which can result in inequality in parenting rights between partners. In an online survey with 420 LGBTQ parents who were living with a partner with whom they had cocreated a family and had at least one child under age 18, we explored whether parents in couples with unequal rights (N = 113) report minority stress, and whether minority stress was related to relationship dissatisfaction and parental stress. Explored through a mediated path model, parents in couples with unequal rights reported less disclosure about LGBTQ identity and more worry about family discrimination in comparison with parents in couples with full rights. Furthermore, these minority stressors were related to relationship dissatisfaction and associated with parental stress. Unequal rights, accompanied by worry about discrimination and lower reported outness, may put a strain on the couple relationship, which, in turn, may be associated with parental stress. Advocacy efforts should be employed to reduce obstacles to full parentage rights for LGBTQ families. Clinical implications for working with LGBTQ parents with discrepant rights are discussed.