Are motherhood penalties and fatherhood bonuses warranted? Comparing pro-work behaviors and conditions of mothers, fathers, and non-parents

被引:77
作者
Kmec, Julie A. [1 ]
机构
[1] Washington State Univ, Dept Sociol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
关键词
Motherhood; Fatherhood; Gender; Pro-work behaviors and conditions; GENDER-DIFFERENCES; WAGE PENALTY; MARRIED MEN; JOB; COMMITMENT; EMPLOYMENT; EARNINGS; DEMANDS; DISCRIMINATION; PRODUCTIVITY;
D O I
10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.11.006
中图分类号
C91 [社会学];
学科分类号
030301 ; 1204 ;
摘要
Research has confirmed a motherhood penalty and fatherhood bonus at work. Employers, it appears, regard mothers and fathers differently from one another and differently from non-parents. We have yet to systematically explore whether mothers exhibit fewer pro-work behaviors than fathers and non-parents or whether fathers engage in more of them than mothers and non-parents. This article draws on nationally representative data from full-time employed adults to investigate mother, father, and non-parent differences in work effort, work intensity, job engagement, and four measures of work enhancement from home. Mothers and fathers are similar on five out of seven outcomes tapping pro-work dimensions. When they differ, mothers report greater job engagement and work intensity than fathers. Mothers are no different from non-parents on all outcomes. All findings hold net of individual, job, and family controls. I conclude that reducing workplace gender inequality will require organizational changes that pay explicit attention to workers' care-giving responsibilities. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
引用
收藏
页码:444 / 459
页数:16
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