Depression and food insecurity among patients with rheumatoid arthritis in NHANES

Background Social determinants of health (SDH), including food insecurity, are associated with depression in the general population. This study estimated the prevalence of depression and food insecurity and evaluated the impact of food insecurity and other SDH on depression in adults with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods Adults (>= 18 years) with RA were identified from the 2013-2014 and 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Depression was defined as a score of >= 5 (mild depression: 5-9; moderate-to-severe depression: 10-27) using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Food insecurity was assessed with the 18-item US Household Food Security Survey Module. Adults with household-level marginal-to-very-low food security were classified as experiencing food insecurity. The prevalence of depression and food insecurity among participants with RA were estimated. Weighted logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between depression and participants' characteristics including SDH. Penalized regression was performed to select variables included in the final multivariable logistic regression. Results A total of 251 and 276 participants from the 2013-2014 and the 2015-2016 NHANES, respectively, had self-reported RA. The prevalence of depression among these participants was 37.1% in 2013-2014 and 44.1% in 2015-2016. The prevalence of food insecurity was 33.1% in 2013-2014 and 43.0% in 2015-2016. Food insecurity was associated with higher odds of having depression (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.27, 3.72), and the association varied by depression severity. Compared with participants with full food security, the odds of having depression was particularly pronounced for those with very low food security (OR 2.96, 95% CI 1.48, 5.90) but was not significantly different for those with marginal or low food security. In the multivariable regression, being female, having fair/poor health condition, any physical disability, and >= 4 physical limitations were significantly associated with depression. Conclusions In adults with self-reported RA, the prevalence of depression and food insecurity remained high from 2013 to 2016. We found that depression was associated with SDH such as food insecurity, although the association was not statistically significant once adjusted for behavioral/lifestyle characteristics. These results warrant further investigation into the relationship between depression and SDH among patients with RA.