Molluscicidal activity of monoterpenes and their effects on inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity on Biomphalaria glabrata, an intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni

The molluscicidal action of essential oils have been attributed to the most prevalent terpene compounds. However, molluscicidal properties, mode of action, and toxicity to non-target organisms remain unclear. In this study, the molluscicidal potential of four monoterpenes (camphor, thymol, alpha-pinene, and 1,8-cineole) against the snail Biomphalaria glabrata, an intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni, was analyzed. The molluscicide activity of each monoterpene was assessed by the standardized test of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the monoterpenes considered active against B. glabrata were analyzed as inhibitors of the enzymatic activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) extracted from snails. In addition, acute toxicity to non-target organisms was assessed against Danio rerio fish. The results show that camphor and 1,8-cineole monoterpenes did not induce snail mortality. Thymol and alpha-pinene were active against B. glabrata, inducing mortality in concentrationdependent patterns and showing a lethal effect in concentrations compatible with that recommended by the WHO (LC90 of 7.11 and LC90 10.34 mu g center dot mL-1, respectively). The toxic action of thymol and alpha-pinene on snails indicates that these monoterpenes may account for or largely contribute to the molluscicidal activity of essential oils that contain them as major compounds. Thymol and alpha-pinene inhibit the AChE of B. glabrata at concentrations higher than those used in the molluscicide test. These monoterpenes show low toxicity to non-target organisms compared to the commercial molluscicide niclosamide. Knowledge about monoterpene toxicity against B. glabrata contributes to its potential use in molluscicidal formulations and in alternatives to the control of snails that host intermediate S. mansoni, a crucial action in the prevention and transmission of schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease.