Progress in Analytical Techniques for Determination of Urine Components

Human urine is one of the most important fluids providing useful information about the body condition. The composition of urine can be used to monitor disease treatment, as a diagnostic tool in clinical chemistry and in the evaluation of occupational or environmental exposure. The chemical composition of urine is complex and shows a high variation of matrix elements. Therefore, the analysis of urine components requires the choice of an appropriate analytical technique. This review helps to update and systematize the analytical techniques which have been used for years in urine analysis. Particular attention is paid to the progress of analytical methods pointing advantages and drawbacks of the various techniques used for separation and determination of urine components. The basic characteristics and application instances of the existing determination methods are introduced, including spectrometry, chromatography and indication tests.