Virtual, augmented, and mixed reality applications in orthopedic surgery

Background Innovation in computer-assisted surgery (CAS) aims to increase operative accuracy and improve safety by decreasing procedure-related complications. The application of reality technologies, to CAS has begun to revolutionize orthopedic training and practice. Methods For this review, relevant published reports were found via searches of Medline (PubMed) data base using the following medical subject headings (MeSH) terms: "virtual reality" or "augmented reality" or "mixed reality" with "orthopedics" or "orthopedic surgery" and all relevant reports we utilized. Results Trainees now have authentic and highly interactive operative simulations without the need for supervision. The practicing orthopedic surgeon is better able to pre-operatively plan and intra-operatively navigate without the use of fluoroscopy, gain access to three-dimensional reconstructions of patient imaging, and remotely interact with colleagues located outside the operating room. Conclusion This review provides a current and comprehensive examination of the reality technologies and their applications in Orthopedic surgery.