Recent advances in modeling organic electrochemical transistors

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have been successfully used as transducers in applications requiring the conversion of ion fluxes to electronic current. These applications range from regular biosensors to sophisticated devices for neuron recording and stimulation. For the rational optimization and understanding of the fundamentals of OECTs and OECT-based applications, however, it is essential to develop in-depth theoretical predictions of experimental data. Here, we review seminal works on modeling both the steady state and transient behavior of OECTs and discuss their strengths and weaknesses. Given that OECTs have been used and applied by a diverse community with very different backgrounds, our intention is to clarify and to extend most of the theoretical developments established so far. Special attention is given to the early models, while trying to make them accessible for everyone in the field of organic bioelectronics.