Clove Oil Endorsed Transdermal Flux of Dronedarone Hydrochloride Loaded Bilosomal Nanogel: Factorial Design, In vitro Evaluation and Ex vivo Permeation

The goal of this study was to develop a bilosomal gel formulation to enhance transdermal permeability of dronedarone hyrdrochloride (DRN) which suffers from poor oral absorption and limited bioavailability. To overcome this obstacle, bilosomes were successfully prepared using 2(3) full-factorial design. Span (R) 40, cholesterol, sodium deoxycholate (bile salt), clove oil (permeability enhancer), and either Tween (R) 60 or Tween (R) 80 (edge activator) were used in bilosome preparation by ethanol injection method. In this design, independent variables were X1, edge activator type; X2, edge activator amount (mg); and X3, permeability enhancer concentration (% w/v). Optimal formula (B2) of the highest desirability of (0.776) demonstrated minimum vesicle size (VS) of 312.4 +/- 24.42 nm, maximum absolute value of zeta potential (ZP) - 36.17 +/- 2.57 mV, maximum entrapment efficiency (EE %) of 80.95 +/- 3.01%, maximum deformability Index (DI) of 8.24 +/- 1.26 g and maximum drug flux after 12 h (J(12)) of 21.23 +/- 1.54 mu g/cm(2) h upon ex vivo permeation study. After 12 h, 70.29 +/- 6.46% of DRN was released from B2. TEM identification of B2 showed spherical shaped nanosized vesicles which were physically stable for 3 months at different temperatures. B2 was incorporated into carboxymethylcellulose gel base for easiness of dermal application. B2 gel demonstrated good physical properties, non-Newtonian psuedoplastic flow, and enhanced release (57.0 +/- 8.68% of DRN compared to only 13.3 +/- 1.2% released from drug suspension after 12 h) and enhanced skin permeation.