What caused the interdecadal shift in the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) impact on dust mass concentration over northwestern South Asia?

Changes in large-scale circulation, especially El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), have significant impacts on dust activities over the dust source and downwind regions. However, these impacts present an interdecadal pattern, and it remains less clear which factors lead to the interdecadal variability of the ENSO impact on dust activities over northwestern South Asia, although previous studies have discussed the response of interannual dust activities over northwestern South Asia to the ENSO circle. Based on the linear regression model and MERRA-2 atmospheric aerosol reanalysis data, this study investigated the interdecadal variability of the ENSO impact on dust activities as well as the associated possible atmospheric drivers under two different warming phases over northwestern South Asia. Results indicated that the relationship between ENSO and dust column mass density (DUCMASS) experienced an obvious shift from the accelerated global warming period (1982-1996) to the warming hiatus period (2000-2014). The change in Atlantic and Indian Ocean sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) patterns weakened the impact of ENSO on dust activities over northwestern South Asia during 1982-1996, while the change in Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) strengthened ENSO's effect when it was in phase with ENSO. Both the Atlantic and Indian Ocean SSTA patterns were modulated by the duration of ENSO events (i.e., continuing and emerging ENSO). This study provides new insights into numerical simulation involving the influence of atmospheric teleconnections on the variability of dust activities and their influence mechanisms.