Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β constitutive activity promotes angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro

Objective-Knockout studies have demonstrated crucial roles for the platelet-derived growth factor-B and its cognate receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (PDGFR-beta), in blood vessel maturation, that is, the coverage of newly formed vessels with mural cells/pericytes. This study describes the consequences of a constitutively activating mutation of the PDGFR-beta (Pdgfrb(D849V)) introduced into embryonic stem cells with respect to vasculogenesis/angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Methods and Results-Embryonic stem cells were induced to either form teratomas in vivo or embryoid bodies, an in vitro model for mouse embryogenesis. Western blotting studies on embryoid bodies showed that expression of a single allele of the mutant Pdgfrb led to increased levels of PDGFR-beta tyrosine phosphorylation and augmented downstream signal transduction. This was accompanied by enhanced vascular development, followed by exaggerated angiogenic sprouting with abundant pericyte coating as shown by immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence. Pdgfrb(D849V/+) embryoid bodies were characterized by increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and VEGF receptor-2; neutralizing antibodies against VEGF-A/VEGF receptor-2 blocked vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in mutant embryoid bodies. Moreover, Pdgfrb(D849V/+) embryonic stem cell-derived teratomas in nude mice were more densely vascularized than wild-type teratomas. Conclusion-Increased PDGFR-beta kinase activity is associated with elevated expression of VEGF-A and VEGF receptor-2, acting directly on endothelial cells and resulting in increased vessel formation.