Structural inflexibility of the rhizosphere microbiome in mangrove plant Kandelia obovata under elevated CO2

Rhizosphere microbial communities play an important role in mediating the decomposition of soil organic matter. Increased CO2 concentration may increase plant growth by stimulating photosynthesis or improving water use efficiency. However, possible eco-physiological influences of this greenhouse gas in mangrove plants are not well understood, especially how rhizosphere microbial communities respond to CO2 increase. We characterized the effect of elevated CO2 (eCO(2)) on rhizospheric microbial communities associated with the mangrove plant Kandelia candel for 20 weeks, eCO(2) increased plant chlorophyll a levels and root microbial biomass. Operational taxonomic unit analysis revealed no significant effects of eCO(2) on rhizospheric bacterial communities; however, some influence on archaeal community structure was observed, especially on the ammonia-oxidizing archaea. Principal component analysis showed that microbial biomass C, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, nitrate nitrogen, and salinity were the main factors structuring the microbial community. The relative contribution of environmental parameters to variability among samples was 31.0%. In addition, functional analysis by average well color development showed that carbon source utilization under eCO(2) occurred in the order amino acids > carbohydrates > polymers > carboxylic acids > amines > phenolic acids; whereas, sugars, amino acids, and carboxylic acids were the preferred carbon sources in control groups, Differences in utilization ability of carbohydrates and amino acids resulted in changes in carbon metabolism between the two groups. Rhizosphere microbial communities appear to have some buffering ability in response to short-term (20 weeks) CO2 increase, during which the metabolic efficiency of carbon sources is changed. The results will help better understand the structural inflexibility and functional plasticity of the rhizosphere microbiome in mangrove plants facing a changing'environment (such as global climate change).