Drug Interaction of Efavirenz and Midazolam: Efavirenz Activates the CYP3A-Mediated Midazolam 1′-Hydroxylation In Vitro

CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 are the most important drug-metabolizing enzymes. For several drugs, heteroactivation of CYP3A-mediated reactions has been demonstrated in vitro. In vivo data suggested a possible acute activation of CYP3A4-catalyzed midazolam metabolism by efavirenz. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of efavirenz on the in vitro metabolism of midazolam. The formation of 1'-hydroxymidazolam was studied in pooled human liver microsomes (HLM) and recombinant human CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 (rCYP3A4 and rCYP3A5) in the presence of efavirenz (0.5, 1, and 5 mu M). Product formation rates (V-max) increased with increasing efavirenz concentrations (similar to 1.5-fold increase at 5 mu M efavirenz in HLM and similar to 1.4-fold in rCYP3A4). The activation in rCYP3A4 was dependent on cytochrome b(5), and the activating effect was also observed in rCYP3A5 supplemented with cytochrome b(5), where V-max was similar to 1.3-fold enhanced. Concomitant inhibition of CYP3A activity with ketoconazole in HLM abolished the increase in the 1'-hydroxymidazolam formation rate, further confirming involvement of CYP3A. The results of this study represent a distinct acute activation of midazolam metabolism and support the in vivo observations. Moreover, only efavirenz, but not its major metabolite 8-hydroxyefavirenz, was responsible for the activation. The increase in 1'-hydroxymidazolam formation may have been caused by binding of efavirenz to a peripheral site of the enzyme, leading to enhanced midazolam turnover due to changes at the active site.